01x02 - When in Rome

[bunniefuu]

Cleopatra.

African queen.

Mother to a nation of millions.

A living, breathing Egyptian goddess,

both feared and adored.

But she is also human.

Women must face dangers no man ever will.

Childbirth in ancient times

is at the mercy of the gods.

A pharaoh and her child

can die just as easily as any peasant.

The healthy boy she bears

could one day unite

the most powerful nations on earth.

Rome and Egypt.

Cleopatra, the mother of two nations,

securing her position,

and her immortality.

But fortune doesn't always favor the bold.

Cleopatra's story

is so significant

because it comes at a true turning point

in the history of the ancient world.

Cleopatra gives birth

to Julius Caesar's child

in her early 20's, probably around 22.

And his name, Caesarion, Little Caesar.

Perfect name.

Caesarion embodies

two great cultures,

two great civilizations.

There is no other child

like him in the world.

It was not a big deal

that she was not married

to the baby's father.

And considering

that she was a ruler

and then the baby's father is a ruler,

this child could be

the one that really unites Rome and Egypt.

With the birth of Caesarion,

Cleopatra really has a chance

to continue her dynasty.

After all of the problems

since Cleopatra returned to Egypt,

things have finally calmed down.

Ptolemy, her husband

and her brother is now deceased.

Not a sibling that Cleopatra

has to worry about any longer.

She's now in a very strong position.

Except

Cleopatra has a problem.

Cleopatra's problem is

her sister, Arsinoe.

After Julius Caesar

captures Arsinoe,

he brings her back to Rome

to be part of his triumph.

Part of the official celebration

of his victory in Egypt.

Cleopatra has exacted a promise

from Julius Caesar

that he will k*ll her.

She would have been about 17.

He parades Arsinoe.

And the people of Rome are appalled.

She's truly a child.

Why are you humiliating her this way?

So the people rise up against Caesar.

And so he thinks better of executing her.

The people of Rome revere Caesar.

But if they disagree

with one of his choices,

he has to walk that line.

Caesar commands

that Arsinoe's life be spared.

She's exiled to what is now

modern-day Turkey at the city of Ephesus.

Caesar really betrays Cleopatra.

She assumes

that her sister Arsinoe is dead

and no longer a thr*at to her throne.

When Cleopatra learns

that Arsinoe is still alive,

she is livid.

Because she knows

the thr*at she represents.

She knows you can't trust your siblings.

You can't trust them.

Cleopatra's, like,

"Just give me a moment

to think of a plan."

And that's the thing about Cleopatra.

She always has a plan.

The baby probably about a year old,

when she decides

to take Caesarion to Rome,

hoping, praying,

that Caesar will claim paternity,

will claim Caesarion as his son,

but more importantly, as his heir.

This will lend legitimacy

not just to Caesarion,

but also to Cleopatra.

And she, she wants that,

but she mostly wants it for Caesarion.

If Julius Caesar

recognizes Caesarion as his son,

this allows Cleopatra

to sidestep Arsinoe entirely.

She has with her,

her trusted confidantes,

Charmion and Iras.

She has with her,

her second brother-husband,

Ptolemy the XIV,

maybe feeling like he was a third wheel.

Cleopatra was in Rome to be with Caesar,

he's got to come along

because, you know, he's a co-pharaoh.

Roman hospitality

has left a lot to be desired.

It's just a show of strength.

If Egypt was in power

I'd do the same thing.

Ooh!

Rome, at this stage,

is the most powerful of empires.

Rome has made advances

in all sorts of fields,

from architecture to arts,

becoming the capital of the world.

And their empire is expanded.

It's going around

what we would today term Western Europe.

It's going all the way to Asia.

It's powerful.

Julius Caesar

is the world's biggest celebrity.

He's also a hero to many of the Romans.

Experience of life, experience of battle.

It's a sign of a powerful man.

Let's show them the Pharoah of Egypt.

Okay. Are you ready?

Eyes.

Rome welcomes you.

Ah. Caesar.

- Could you

- Oh, my boy.

There we go.

Thank you.

When Cleopatra is in Rome,

Caesar installs her, their child,

and their entourage,

in his garden villa on the Janiculum Hill.

Caesar had a Roman wife.

In Cleopatra's mind, "It's fine."

Caesar was known for his affairs.

The fact that he was married

wouldn't have bothered Cleopatra.

And although monogamy

was expected on the high political level

that we're talking about

with Caesar and Cleopatra,

very different rules applied.

Oh, who's that?

Well, oh, who is this?

Who do I have here?

Who do I have here?

Hi, you.

United by this child,

it means they are a partnership.

Careful.

He's not used to rough play.

Well, that is what fathers are for.

He has your chin.

Well, look at that.

Strong. A Roman jaw.

- Feeding time.

- Oh

- Already?

- Yeah.

You can have him all

to yourself after lunch.

Maybe even show him the Senate.

Maybe.

I'm glad you brought him.

I promised I would.

And you made me a promise too.

Did I?

Why is Arsinoe still alive?

Because the Roman public decreed it.

And she is no longer a thr*at.

To you.

The only way out of that temple

is through me

or with an army.

She's not likely to get either.

We underestimated her once.

You were naked.

I was distracted.

- And are you not distracted now?

- What is this?

You made a promise to me.

Any promise I made to you

does not supersede

a promise I make to the Roman people.

One of the things that would have

attracted Cleopatra to Julius Caesar

is he was a very savvy

political power player.

And this is key and inherent

to the DNA of being a Ptolemy.

She would have found in him

an equal who valued, uh,

playing with power

in the way

that she had been raised to as an infant.

I tried to hide ♪

Anything you'd like to share?

But I'm found ♪

Show me a light ♪

We see that she's very strategic.

Cleopatra is focusing on men

who can bring something

to the relationship.

Me ♪

Are you afraid ♪

Of what's inside of me ♪

I missed you.

Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh ♪

Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh ♪

Given the fluidity of sexuality

in ancient Egypt,

Julius Caesar is probably not

Cleopatra's first sexual partner.

And break ♪

I am unbreakable ♪

It really was a meeting

of both mind and heart,

of two powerful and strong individuals.

He would never have met

a woman like Cleopatra

with complete control and confidence

in her own possession

of her sexuality and her identity.

He would have been overwhelmed.

Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh ♪

Cleopatra is probably one of the best

educated women in the Mediterranean.

She speaks multiple languages,

she's incredibly sophisticated.

She has traveled extensively.

She has learned at the feet

of some of the best minds of the world

in one of the most sophisticated

intellectual capitals of the world.

Rome, on the other hand, was just a baby.

A young, growing, right, empire.

This is a city that was founded

by farmer-soldiers.

They were down-to-earth,

sturdy people.

The Roman power system

is very male-oriented,

and Cleopatra's reputation becomes damaged

because she is not what the Romans expect

of a proper woman at all.

Egypt's women

had almost equal rights

to men under the law.

Women could choose who they married,

they chose who they divorced,

they could start businesses,

they kept their own property.

Women in Rome

were supposed to stay at home.

Especially elite, high-class women.

Egypt's women did not need

to conform to that idea.

And the Roman male elite

are disgusted by her

because she's different,

because she's foreign.

Caesar!

What a positively striking symbol

of Egypt she is.

Ripe and ready for the plucking.

Is this the respect

Rome affords its women?

"Ripe and ready for the plucking"?

Cicero, even if I was,

one wonders

if you could even find your tool.

Alongside Julius Caesar,

Mark Antony is one of Rome's

most prominent Generals.

We know that he was a bit more

of a hedonist than Julius Caesar.

He seems to be

a little less interested in philosophy

and more interested in drinking parties.

Cicero, this important

Roman senator,

dislikes Cleopatra.

And there is a letter where he says,

"She's insolent and arrogant, and I"

He says, "I hate her."

I meant no disrespect.

I forgive you.

It's not every day Rome welcomes a Queen.

Rome has never had

and never will have a queen.

And whilst I have the utmost respect

for your ancient civilization,

that's just it.

It's ancient.

Rome is the future.

There is no future without the past.

There is no Rome without Egypt.

Are you seriously suggesting

that we would not have existed

without you?

Hm.

I'll leave you to ponder that.

Finally!

A guest who actually elevates

the conversation.

A toast to Cleopatra!

At last

someone who has bested Cicero!

Rome was against the idea

of a woman being a ruler.

It's that simple.

Rome is a republic.

It is ruled by a group of men

in a semi-democratic rule.

Egypt, on the other hand,

has been dynastically ruled

by a singular or double ruler

for thousands of years.

These two systems of government

couldn't be more different.

Rome was one of the earliest examples

of representative government,

and they prided themselves

on their republican roots.

This notion of democracy

characterized Rome at the time.

When Julius Caesar returns

from the Alexandrian w*r,

the Senate is so grateful

for all that he's done,

that the Senate declares him Dictator.

The idea of a dictator

is not how we understand it today

in terms of unlimited power

and unlimited time.

A dictator was still a ruler

who had a limited term, a few years.

What's this?

Well, this is the public library.

Instead of one door

why not have several open archways?

That way, you have several points

of entry into the building.

She brings a whole new dimension

to anything that happens

around Julius Caesar at this time

because all eyes are on him

and ultimately, all eyes are on her.

Perfect.

How about this?

Hm.

It seems a lot of work.

Julius Caesar,

under Cleopatra's influence,

was planning to build a library in Rome.

It's similar to the one

that was damaged in Alexandria.

Julius Caesar also adjusts

the Roman calendar.

The ancient Egyptians

were consummate astronomers,

and they had created

a very effective solar-based calendar.

Twelve months of the year,

each month with 30 days,

and they had five days at the end

to create a year of 365 days.

The origin of our calendar

and the one that Julius Caesar adopts

when Cleopatra visits Rome.

Cleopatra saw Caesar's openness

to reforming the calendar,

to building a library

as proof that she could mold him,

as well as mold the City of Rome.

The fact that she exerts so much influence

over Julius Caesar during her visit

breeds a tremendous amount of resentment.

There was the rumor

that Caesar wants to move the capital,

from Rome to Alexandria.

Also that Caesar

is going to fashion himself

as a polygamist,

so then he can have a Roman wife,

he can have an Egyptian wife,

he can have a Greek wife.

He's now in bed, literally,

both metaphorically and literally

with somebody from a foreign country

and a country that was dependent on Rome.

This power battles between Egypt and Rome,

it's sort of now been flipped

and Cleopatra was making all the calls.

He erects a statue made of gold.

And it's dedicated to !sis slash Venus.

But it's in the likeness of Cleopatra.

The Romans did not like the idea

of turning people into gods.

Most Romans were probably appalled.

They believed she must have had

some kind of control or power over him.

But the truth of the matter is,

she's not entirely happy.

She doesn't get 100 percent

of what she wants.

One of Cleopatra's main goals

in going to Rome

is to have Julius Caesar

recognize his son Caesarion.

That is one thing

that Cleopatra does not accomplish.

Cleopatra returns to Egypt

because she'd been away

from her own country for so long.

Cleopatra feels very close

to the, uh, Egyptian people.

And she wants the Egyptian people

to know that she cares about them

and that they are important to her.

While Cleopatra is back in Egypt,

tensions continue to rise in Rome.

In 44 BCE,

Julius Caesar requests

to be appointed dictator for life.

There had been

so much political instability

that the Senate grants his request.

He is now dictator

for the remainder of his life.

He is at, sort of,

the height of his power,

but that also means

that he's also at a tipping point.

Julius Caesar is the first Roman

to be appointed dictator for life.

He puts his portrait on coinage.

He wears purple robes,

sits in ornate thrones,

and even has a statue

dedicated to himself as a god.

Romans begin to get the sense

that Julius Caesar

wants to be king to Cleopatra's queen,

and this idea is anathema

to Republican Rome.

It's political su1c1de

to try to become explicitly a king.

The Lupercalia Festival

is a prime chance for Julius Caesar

to show the people

the kind of person he is.

A humble person

who doesn't want to be the king.

Mark Antony is essentially a commoner

who's risen through the ranks

to become this important figure

in the Roman army

and to become somebody

who's very much trusted by Julius Caesar.

Mark Antony approaches him

with a diadem, a crown.

Hey.

Yeah!

The calendar is not the only thing

he's trying to change.

The people burst out in approval.

"Yay! See? He doesn't wanna be king."

But for some others, no,

this is a moment where

it's becoming clear

that he's cooking something up.

He was separating himself

from the other elite

and almost starting to take control.

A faction of senators

see Caesar be made dictator for life

as an affront

to the republican values of Rome.

Cleopatra comes for the second time

to Rome in 44 BCE.

When she comes back,

she needs to be extremely careful

about the position

that she finds herself in.

Every day that passes

in Caesarion's life,

he's becoming more of a thr*at to Rome.

The older he gets,

the more likely Cleopatra is to raise him

as the future king, an emperor.

She wanted Caesarion

to be recognized by Julius Caesar

and to be written

into his will as his heir.

The number one thing

that Caesarion is to her

is an ace in that hand of poker

that she's playing from,

if Julius Caesar

is able to hold onto his power.

Because of Julius Caesar's

popularity with the people

and his growing power,

the political elite are threatened

and they begin to conspire against him.

These politicians are really concerned

that Caesar is going to become an autocrat

because of the influence of Cleopatra.

Cleopatra's presence in Rome

gives the conspirators

the amm*nit*on they need.

"Hey. Look, look who's here.

Why is she back here?"

Look!

On the morning of March 15th,

Julius Caesar

is making his way to the Senate.

Mark Antony is with him.

If I get it started I'ma finish ♪

There's some discrepancy

about who stabs him first.

And he dies.

Charmion, what's going on?

They k*lled him.

They k*lled Caesar.

Fifteenth of March, 44 BC,

he's stabbed dozens of times.

What do you mean?

It's barbaric.

The Senate, they k*lled him.

That can't be.

That can't be.

Why, why

Why would they do that?

Why would they

If they loved him so much, why would

Why would they let the Senate k*ll him?

Why? Why, why would they do that?

We need to go

before they break down the doors.

No, no one is breaking down the doors!

No one is breaking down the doors.

We're staying.

Until I've heard

Until I've heard Caesar's will read,

we're staying.

I want public recognition for my son.

He deserves that.

I deserve that.

The news knocks

the wind out of her.

Whoever has m*rder*d Julius Caesar

will certainly want to m*rder his son.

Her and her son's life

were under thr*at.

She is, effectively, in a foreign country.

She doesn't have any immediate protection.

She was highly vulnerable

in a vulnerable position.

We're with you.

I want to find out

what is in that will.

Okay, okay. Okay.

Bye.

With Julius Caesar dead,

Cleopatra is in some ways,

back to square one,

forced to reassess

how to maintain her power,

how to maintain her position.

She needs to push Caesarion

into a position of leadership.

Someone close to them

will be named as Caesar's heir.

Considering his connections

with the Senate,

and how long he had loyally served

alongside Caesar,

Mark Antony had some expectation,

realistic or not,

that he might be the great man's heir.

Cleopatra expects

that this is gonna be Caesarion.

Octavian, Caesar's great nephew.

He named him heir.

Why would he name someone

no one has ever met

when he has an heir?

- Did you see for yourself?

- I did.

Caesar has a son.

A son that I birthed.

A legitimate heir.

I need to speak to the Senate.

What matters is what Caesar wrote

and he wrote that.

You were like a son to him.

What did he leave you?

There's a gathering at the Senate.

I need to be there.

Iras?

So it's shocking to her

that here is his natural son

who is not named as an heir.

We might assume

that if Octavian inherits Caesar's wealth,

that he's also going

to inherit his office.

But Republican Rome

has a representative government

and there are still

other power players in the mix.

Word is sent to Octavian

to tell him that he is the heir.

Mark Antony tries

to gather his supporters,

so there's gonna be a little bit

of a power play and some saber rattling.

Cleopatra departs Rome

after Caesar's assassination.

We can imagine

that she is devastated by her loss.

She's not only lost a lover and a friend,

but also her main political alliance.

Caesar's death

is not Cleopatra's only problem.

Her sister Arsinoe,

who is supposed to be imprisoned.

However, she makes an alliance

with the governor of Cyprus,

who breaks her out.

Because of her alliance

with the governor of Cyprus,

Arsinoe is freed from prison.

This enables her

to conspire with her brother Ptolemy

against Cleopatra

in an attempt to gain the throne.

Why am I learning about Arsinoe

and the Cyprian Governor

from a bureaucrat's wife?

Maybe I should hire her

as an advisor instead.

I wouldn't.

She gives away

as much information as she gets.

And we let her?

We give her enough bait to lure a catch.

But we never take our eyes off her.

Understood.

The only way out of that temple

is through me or with an army.

Well, she's got an army.

Uh, trying to get an army.

How worried should I be?

I'll let you know

when it's time to be on the offensive.

Make it happen.

Cleopatra could have had Arsinoe

assassinated herself,

but to some extent she's protected

because she's out of Egypt at this point.

Arsinoe goes

and makes an alliance with her brother,

Ptolemy the XIV.

Even though Ptolemy the XIV

is only a child,

he could very easily

become a rallying point

for opposition to Cleopatra.

Why?

Why can't we all just get along?

She cannot permit anything

to come between Caesarion

and what she sees

as his rightful, uh, position.

And so she takes immediate action.

Ptolemy the XIV, um, becomes unwell

and, um, and he passes away, he dies.

Wait.

May you become one with the gods.

You may begin.

I think it's highly likely

that Cleopatra removed her brother

from the equation.

He's just too big a thr*at,

so he is ex*cuted.

There can only be one king.

And her brother, Ptolemy, has to die

so that she can elevate

her own son, Caesarion, to co-regent.

Although this seems

a horrific thing to do to us moderns,

it would have actually been

almost a typical family solution.

She's lost a brother and a husband,

but she has gained a tremendous amount

of security as queen of Egypt.

After Caesar's assassination,

we essentially have a civil w*r.

We have a polarized Roman elite,

the assassins,

and those who are trying

to bring the assassins down.

Mark Antony and Octavian,

who joined forces at that stage.

Three years after the assassination

of Julius Caesar,

Cleopatra has another chance

to forge an alliance with Rome.

Mark Antony requests her presence

for a conference

regarding, uh, Egypt's position

within the power-sharing community

of the eastern part of the Roman Empire.

Mark Antony has received intelligence

that Cleopatra has given aid

to some of the conspirators.

Well?

What?

Mark Antony needs

to meet Cleopatra

to determine

if she's been helping his enemies,

the men who assassinated Caesar.

I told you.

Cleopatra is the pharaoh of Egypt.

Cleopatra does not

answer summons

from the likes of Mark Antony.

For weeks,

Mark Antony keeps sending her summons.

"Come to Tarsus."

Tell Mark Antony

I accept his invitation to meet.

Tell him I accept.

What?

Do as I say.

She needs someone

she can trust as an ally,

somebody who will be able to provide

some protection to Alexandria

if it's needed

because of att*cks from Cyprus.

But at the end of the day, Mark Antony

does have m*llitary power.

Tarsus is an important city

in what is now southern Turkey.

Cleopatra enters the port

in one of the most lavish ships

ever created.

In anger, Mark Antony goes to the ship.

Cleopatra dresses herself

like the goddess Venus.

She has set a goal

of conquering Mark Antony,

and this opulent ship

will be her b*ttlefield.

You and Octavian summoned me here.

You know he's taking the name Caesar?

Hm.

That's bold.

The Roman people spared Arsinoe.

I need to make sure

that doesn't happen again.

So what do you want?

An alliance.

Everything here

can help you retake all of Rome.

But can I trust you?

Yes.

Everything here.

Everything.

Everything?

Mark Antony needed Egyptian wealth.

She was demonstrating

the value of an alliance with Egypt,

that she could bring wealth

in a way that he needed.

Cleopatra sees an opportunity

in Mark Antony.

He is another Roman of considerable power,

somebody to continue

where she left off with Caesar.

She was using these relationships

quite strategically

in order to elevate her own status

and protect herself and her country.

It was precisely because she was a woman,

because she could have children

with powerful Roman men,

form both m*llitary, diplomatic,

and romantic allegiances

that gave her an element of power

that male kings of the time did not have.

Together ♪

We light the fire ♪

Forever ♪

You are ♪

Mark Antony's intelligence reports

are wrong.

It is not Cleopatra

who is helping Caesar's assassins,

but rather, her sister Arsinoe.

entwined ♪

Forever ♪

You are in me ♪

During pillow talk,

Cleopatra says, "I think

it would be the mark

of a strong Roman leader

if Arsinoe met an untimely death."

Burning ♪

We'll set the world alight ♪

Stop turning ♪

What we really see in Cleopatra

is a survivor.

It's somebody who will do anything

in order to survive.

Cleopatra's alliance

with Mark Antony

allows her to triumph

over her final sibling.

And with Arsinoe's death,

Cleopatra is the final Ptolemaic ruler

still standing.

But Cleopatra still has

an even bigger rival, Octavian,

and he is not going to stop

until all of her plans are destroyed.