[car engine revving]
[distorted audio]
[car horns honking]
[groaning]
[exhales]
Super close.
[woman wailing]
[baby crying]
[woman 1] When babies are born,
suddenly they experience
many, many sensory stimuli.
[man] How does a baby
put all of these senses together?
Sight, touch, hearing, taste, and smell.
How does the brain make sense
of that complex information?
[woman 2] The senses learn
from what they experience.
So can the parents use
the first sensory experience
to get the baby off to a healthy start.
-Cutest yawn ever.
-[laughs]
[Caz] It's a hard life, I know.
[Caz] The feelings,
physically and emotionally, I just...
literally cannot put into words.
What are you looking at?
She's content. She's Luana.
Content and happy. [laughs]
She's just so precious.
Yeah, more than I could've...
imagined feeling.
[parents laugh]
[woman] I'm a neonatologist,
a pediatrician,
and a neuroscientist.
Poor Leo.
Poor Leo [laughs].
Each sense allows a baby
to discover their world
and the people in that world
and to forge an emotional connection
and to communicate.
[boy] So that means 1, 2, 3...
[Maitre] But so much of infant sensory
development is still a mystery to us.
I became really interested
in sensory development
when my first son Leo was born.
This is the album that has...
the birth of Leo,
and actually, the photos show
more of his birth than I ever got to see,
because I was on the operating table.
I just had an emergency C-section.
He was born at 27 weeks.
And, uh, he'd had a massive brain bleed.
And he was immediately
put on all these machines and intubated.
He was so tiny and so fragile.
He didn't even weigh quite two pounds.
And, um, it was a really difficult time
because I felt so helpless.
The doctors and the nurses,
they said, "If you touch your baby,
if your baby gets to feel you,
skin to skin,
then your baby will be happier."
So they put him on my chest,
and he started calming down
and snuggling up,
and I'm trying to control my heartbeat
and I'm trying to control my breathing,
but at the same time
it was just as magical moment,
and I just felt this rush of warmth
and it... it was just incredible.
Their chest is so thin you can
actually feel their heartbeat.
It's this moment
of feeling utterly connected.
It's... it's everything.
I wanted to know why skin to skin care
would be a good thing...
but no one really knew exactly
why it was so powerful.
And so I decided to study this.
[baby crying]
[crying]
[Caz] Luana.
-[humming]
-[Luana crying]
[Caz] Her cries...
Sometimes, I know what she wants.
Sometimes, I've got not a clue.
It is normally when she wants something...
but she doesn't seem to want food.
But it's okay.
The word-- My word for the last few days
has been perseverance.
-[crying]
-Shh, shh.
Where is the manual?
-[high-pitched cry]
-Aw.
Just give her some love.
Give her some strokes.
There's nothing a hug can't fix.
Mmm... better.
When you get her on your skin
and she's like, ahh, just so at peace.
It's hard to put into words how it feels.
It's just magical.
[humming gently]
[Maitre] I came
to Nationwide Children's Hospital in 2015
to study what all their senses
mean to developing babies.
It really doesn't make sense
to study each sense separately.
We're more than just the sum
of each individual sense.
[Maitre] Alright, y'all, I can see
you're pretending to be busy.
We call our lab the BBOP.
It stands for
Baby Brain Optimization Project.
We study pre-term infants
and typically developing babies
all the way to three years.
[Maitre] How does it feel?
It's amazing.
Oh, my gosh,
I never knew I could have
so much love in my heart for something.
[Maitre] Studying the senses
is a difficult road.
You're trying to demystify
this complex and amazing experience,
this magical experience,
but science, neuroscience especially,
can help us understand baby brains
and still account
for all the wonder that happens.
She just wants you.
There you go. Oh.
I really do think that I have
the most wonderful job
in the world because
I get to be with babies
day in, day out.
[baby cooing]
[Maitre] Our team
at Nationwide Children's Hospital
is the first to study both mom and baby,
at the same time,
during a multi-sensory interaction...
by measuring their brain waves on EEG.
-[Maitre] Alright.
-[indistinct chatter]
-I'm Dr. Maitre.
-Hi.
-And this is?
-This is Akosh.
Akosh.
What we're doing is layering
three sensory inputs
and studying the brain activity.
We're gonna put a cap on both of you.
This cap is going to record
your brain waves.
-[woman] Okay.
-Then,
-I'm gonna be giving a set of commands.
-Alright.
[Maitre] Which parts of the brain
do the senses impact?
And how do babies respond
to those layers of sensory information?
The first thing we're going to do
is just look at this blank wall.
Try to be as blank as the wall.
-Got it.
-Okay?
The first sensory input
we're layering is visual.
I go behind the baby
and we'll start to ask the mom,
instead of looking at her baby,
to really focus on the wall
above my shoulder.
So we start with a baseline
for our babies.
Then we ask the mom to slowly bring
their gaze down to the baby.
Alright, Mom.
Look at your baby
but keep a straight face...
and give your baby a smile.
[Akosh coos]
[coos]
As we layer all the senses,
we are constantly monitoring
what's happening in the mom's brain
and the baby's brain.
The next step,
she'll smile at her baby, but she'll also
reach out to touch his cheek...
so that we're combining sight and touch.
And then the final step: we add sound.
Hello, Akoshy. I love you.
[Maitre] Perfect, Mom.
You can interact with...
When we finish the experiment,
we have brain data
that combines all the senses.
[speaking French]
[Maitre] That's millions of data points.
We know that when the brain responds
emotionally to something,
it has a strong response that is shifted
to the left side of the brain.
...change in activation, or at least in--
No more asymmetry...
We examine the data to try
and identify that left shift in Mom
and in baby, that strong
emotional response.
This is a baby's head and a mom's head.
These frames represent the actions
that I talked the moms through earlier.
We're trying to see how the emotional
connection is varying together.
Is there synchrony?
So, it's... it's actually
super exciting in this baby.
When Mom's looking at the wall,
baby starts off right here
by having very little asymmetry.
Then as Mom smiles at him,
there's some activity
but it's lateralized to the right side,
which is not emotional bonding.
However, when Mom started touching
the baby in addition to smiling,
we can see some nice asymmetries
indicating emotional engagement.
We see the strongest response,
the most asymmetric brain response,
the most emotional connection,
when Mom and baby
are engaging all of their senses
through touch, smile,
and hearing Mom's voice.
Perfect.
What's really interesting is that
it's the same thing across all babies.
[baby coos]
Give her a big smile
and tell her you love her.
Okay.
The babies always responded
most to the layering of the three:
the voice...
I love you, Quinn.
[Maitre] ...touch, and the visual cue.
[chuckles]
[cooing]
Hey. [kisses] Yeah.
[Maitre] This experiment is showing us
that combining all the senses
allows a baby to forge
an emotional connection
that is far bigger
than the sum of its parts.
Emotional connection
is absolutely critical
to babies' brain development,
their growth, and their well-being.
That's super. Super. [Maitre laughs]
She agrees with super.
Every touch...
every sound...
every whisper,
every smell and touch
that you offer your baby...
it is going to help
a baby's brain develop.
But if the parents cannot be there,
can someone else provide them
with supportive experiences,
supportive sound,
touch, smell, taste?
[pan sizzling]
[cries]
[Caz] Luana, Luana.
-[Luana cries]
-Luana.
What's wrong?
[cries]
Do you want to be closer?
You want Mommy to wrap you up?
It's funny, the last few days
she's seeing this
and she's calmed down straightaway.
Come here.
Mommy's gonna wrap you nice and tight.
Oh, yeah. That's nice, isn't it?
[Caz] Now you're happy.
On Friday, she wouldn't stop crying
and every time I got her to sleep in this,
I'd be like, cool.
And yeah, I put her down twice
and then on the third time
I was like, "I'm never
putting her down again."
She got quite used to being asleep on us.
I kept her on me
for like an hour and a half
and it was...
She was just so warm and cozy.
I'll hold tubing and lines
while you hold baby.
[Maitre] The active promotion
of skin to skin contact
has become very important.
[woman] You know exactly how
to touch her, you're wonderful.
It's good for her, they say, so...
It is good for her.
And you're doing an amazing job.
[mother] Oh, thank you.
[Maitre] We wish parents could be
at the bedside 24/7
to provide that supportive
touch to their infant,
but we live in the real world.
Parents have jobs.
They can't take off six months
to be with their baby.
There are lots of obstacles
to providing this incredible,
multi-sensory emotional care.
So what we need to do is
overcome those challenges.
Caregivers and families
as well as parents
can help babies as they develop.
[baby crying]
So that's Mom's cloth.
And as you can see,
Ashley handles it with gloves
so that we don't ever put our body odor
on something that belongs to Mom.
We are studying and developing
a neurodevelopmental intervention
that helps provide babies
with that really necessary
multi-sensory stimulation.
[baby crying]
Alright, how's Augie doing?
Is he getting used to the whole thing?
Can you adjust it
so he can smell his cloth?
[Ashley] Yeah.
[Maitre] So Ashley's working on a layered
multi-sensory intervention.
We've added touch through the containment,
vestibular sensation
through Ashley's breathing.
We've added smell of Mom,
and finally actually working
is this sensor that's connected
to a little pacifier,
and as Augie is sucking on it,
it's connected wirelessly to this speaker
that's providing their parents'
voice singing to Augie.
Even though they can't be with him,
they are here with him in a way.
[Augie's parent]
♪ Augie knows the muffin man ♪
♪ The muffin man, the muffin man ♪
♪ Augie knows the muffin man ♪
♪ Who lives on Drury Lane ♪
You can see him requesting it.
The first time we ever did this,
when I saw Ashley performing
the intervention I designed,
and it was exactly how
I had dreamed of it...
And so, I felt so, like-- I cried.
[Augie's parent]
♪ Yes, I know the muffin man ♪
[Maitre] It's going very well for Augie.
His heart rate was going up.
His breathing rate was going up.
And now they're back down.
They're stable and lovely.
[Maitre] Oh, good job, Augie.
[Maitre] You good?
Every tiny sensory experience
that you have at the beginning of life
will matter,
because all the other experiences
later will be built on it.
[Maitre] You can do it.
Good job.
Sometimes, it's simply taking the time
to mindfully incorporate... the wind
and the sights of the river...
the smell of the moss...
and the cold of the water...
as it seeps through your boots.
The senses are the building blocks
upon which almost everything else
in the human brain is constructed.
-You go first.
-Leo, go first.
You were born first, you go first.
[Maitre] Pretty good.
There's a big ripple.
My oldest son Leo is a teenager now,
and he's not impressed by what I do.
But I would say to him,
"You inspired me, so that I could help
other babies and other parents."
You owe me a hug.
-I don't. I owe nothing.
-You do. For that you owe me a hug.
-I owe you nothing.
-I'm your mother, you owe me everything.
[woman] Can Daddy help wake you up?
[woman coos]
Oh.
Do you want to wake up to see Da-Da?
Hmm?
-[Nelson fusses]
-Oh!
Hello.
Oh, baba.
Mmm. Yes? Can you see me?
[man] What are you seeing, Nelson?
He's looking at you, though, isn't he?
[man] Look at him. He's enjoying
his first day out in the pram.
What do you think he can see, babe?
[man] He can see all the greenery...
the sights and sounds.
Welcome to the world.
[man] Art has been
a persistent theme in my life.
It's an activity that leads
to the germination
of many interesting ideas in my mind.
I am painting the apple of my eye,
uh, my son Darius,
who is now 12 years old.
It's interesting to try
to capture on a canvas
what makes Darius, Darius.
My interest in art really was instrumental
in driving me towards
a study of visual neuroscience.
Open your eyes...
and the world just seems to make sense.
It's an effortless task...
but that effortlessness hides
a great deal of complexity in the brain.
Understanding a baby's vision
has been the focus of much
of my work for the past 20 years.
We would like to understand
how babies learn to see.
What is the information
that the brain picks up
from the world to recognize people?
Here are some pictures
from the distant past.
It's quite remarkable how much
that little toothless grin,
how much happiness
that gives to the... to the parents.
I thought that one good way
of understanding what Darius's
experience of the visual world is...
is to actually observe the world
from his perspective
and through some unprecedented
science with a webcam.
When you were just a few weeks old,
this little webcam
allowed us to record
some of your experiences of the world.
We added a lens to that webcam
to kind of mimic what your visual ability
would have been like at that time.
I had taken some pictures of Darius
wearing the webcam
and I gave a talk at... at MIT,
and one of the members of the audience
happened to be a reporter.
This picture eventually made its way
to the front page of the New York Times,
and it was... quite an experience.
Babies have beautiful, big eyes.
They really melt our hearts.
But those eyes are quite immature
in terms of their functioning abilities.
Um... so I had several clips
that I want to show you:
some of what you experienced as a baby.
I've never seen
this video before.
-Really?
-Yeah.
My goodness. So it's like a time machine.
So this is what you really
would have been seeing.
And that's about consistent with what
you would really have been seeing.
The colors would have been quite muted.
In fact, your vision is so degraded
that it would be classified
as almost twice as bad
as a person with legal blindness.
Wow.
The retina is very immature.
The photoreceptors,
the cells that are actually transforming
the light signal into neural impulses,
are inefficient.
So a baby is observing the world
as if it were highly blurred,
not really getting much details,
not seeing very, very good contrast.
But what I found in looking
at the... at the webcam footage
helped me to understand
what babies look at
when they first come into the world.
Notice... how...
a... a face is such a prominent part
of your visual experience.
-[Darius] You can't really make out--
-Yeah, you can't make out much else.
It's just faces...
-front and center in your visual field.
-Yeah.
Us as parents are essentially forcing you
to look at faces in the environment,
and what could be more important
than your dad?
Ninety percent of all frames
that Darius experienced in those
initial weeks had a person facing Darius.
This was an incredible realization for me,
biasing them to learn about important
classes of objects in their environment,
namely faces.
Why must babies learn to see
much like they learn to walk and talk?
[man] We're learning new things.
We're able to start focusing now,
aren't we, Nelson?
[Morning-Star laughs]
[Morning-Star] Hey, look at you.
I'm checking to see if Nelson can move
his head all around and follow me.
Oh, yes.
Well done, boy.
You just moved your head 180 degrees.
Well done. Let's do it again.
Let's do it again.
Good boy.
Good boy... good boy... good boy.
[Singh] I wanted to understand:
Why aren't babies born with
all of the visual abilities
that they need in life?
In 2004, we launched Project Prakash.
The name comes
from the Sanskrit word for light.
Providing treatment
to congenitally blind children
who have been born with cataracts.
But it would also offer us
an unusual scientific opportunity
to understand how babies learn to see.
[doctor, in Hindi] Look down.
[doctor, in Hindi] Look up.
[in Hindi] Look at my nose.
[Singh] A child who has not observed
the world... from birth
and is now, say, ten years old...
What would this child begin to see?
How would they make sense
of the visual environment in the weeks,
months, and years following the surgery?
[woman speaking in Hindi]
[Singh] So when you remove the bandages,
what you find is they are not
really making sense of it.
And you don't really see
much of a smile...
um, which initially
I felt crestfallen about.
The next time you see these children
when they've come back to the hospital,
it's like a night and day difference.
We test basic visual skills.
And the initial observations
that we made...
were very encouraging.
[in Hindi] Now, tell me one thing:
what is the color of the round cut here?
-Yellow.
-Yellow.
And what about this color?
This one? It's also yellow.
Yellow will go with yellow, right?
Now join them.
[in English] Very good.
We keep monitoring their visual progress,
and we try to see
which visual skills are improving.
Apaxa, very good.
Some aspects of vision
seem to be able to progress very well.
[in Hindi] Now, put these tablets
on their matching color.
[Singh] Skills like color perception...
motion perception.
[woman] Very, very good.
[Singh] And two weeks later,
they are walking under their own guidance.
They are smiling.
Their parents are happy.
So then it really
makes it all seem worthwhile.
[both speak Hindi]
[child speaking Hindi]
[Singh] The significant lesson
to take away
from the Prakash results
is that you cannot
assume that just because a child
has suffered deprivation,
they are going to be compromised of
all of their visual skills in the senses.
But the Prakash children do not
get to 20/20 vision.
[in Hindi] You will see two faces.
Both will speak, but you will
only hear one of them.
After watching them,
please tell us which one you heard.
Watch carefully and then answer. Okay?
[speaking Hindi]
[continues speaking Hindi]
[audio from speaker on the right is heard]
[Singh] Some aspects of vision
are significantly impacted.
The children are compromised
at things like face recognition.
[speaking Hindi]
[Singh, in English] It's been a puzzle:
why are the children finding it so hard?
But in trying to understand that failure,
we believe that we have
the beginnings of a theory,
as to how a newborn learns to see.
I have now come to strongly believe
that the initial period of degraded vision
within the first six months of life
is so you can take in
the overall structures of faces
rather than being slavishly
dependent on the fine details.
That blurriness
is essentially saving your brain
from having to process
all the clutter in the environment.
The brain's network of neurons
take in more of the forest
and does not fall prey to looking
at the details of the trees.
These initial steps into vision
sets us on the right path
towards developing
into more powerful recognizers.
This is nature's way
of forcing you to pay attention
to the important things.
Yes, sweetie. I love you too.
[Singh] It's really beautiful,
how nature has twisted
what could have been a limitation
into a source of strength.
[Morning-Star] Hello, Nelson!
Hello! Hello, Nelson.
Look. Yeah.
Yeah. Yes.
-That is a new toy for him, isn't it?
-[Morning-Star] Yeah.
[man] He's changing day by day
at the moment.
And he can pick things up.
It's all very coordinated now,
so he can properly use things
that he sees within his range.
The food stuff is all completely new.
It's a new realm.
[Morning-Star] Mmm... first orange.
You going to cook
for Mommy one day, darling?
Hm?
[woman] I think one of the most
fundamental mysteries of human behaviors
is why we like the foods that we do.
We say foods taste a certain way,
but really flavor is a sensory perception
that's a combination
of a number of senses:
taste...which is sweet, salt,
sour, bitter, umami;
smells that are reaching
your olfactory receptors;
and also some perceptions
from nerve endings,
like the coolness of mint
or the hotness of chili peppers.
And all of these senses combine
and send signals to the brain that result
in the flavor of the food that you eat.
You know, I came from this big
Italian family in Chicago
and when I moved to Philly,
I didn't know anybody.
and I would gravitate
toward the Italian market.
When I was a young girl,
my grandfather owned a grocery store
and he'd give me 35 cents
and I'd give him a big Italian lemonade
and I'd get a little one and, oh...
So... the first time I came to Philly,
I saw Italian lemonade,
and I just started crying.
But that's what food does.
These are our most enduring memories,
and they take us to our past.
We know that the predominant taste quality
of human milk is its sweetness.
It's a very, very powerful taste stimulus.
Sweet is our signal for calories,
and children need calories during growth.
They're born being hard-wired
to detect it and to like it.
You can see how the child
is particularly vulnerable
for over-consumption
of things that taste sweet.
When it comes to
early nutrition or early feeding,
there's a lot we still don't know.
And how do we... how do we
get children off to a healthy start
and to learn to like
the flavor of healthy foods,
and vegetable flavors in particular?
First time we're going
to give Mateo vegetables.
Ready?
[sneezes]
[woman] He doesn't like carrots,
like his mommy.
I don't like carrots either. Come on.
[Mateo crying]
He don't like the carrots.
No, don't like it.
[Morning-Star] What is this?
Nelson, what is this? Is this courgette?
-[cries]
-[Morning-Star chuckles]
Nelson. Nelson.
[trills]
[Mateo's mom]
You don't like vegetables.
-[whimpering]
-[Mateo's mom] No more carrots.
[Morning-Star]
Right. Okay, so the mommy hack is...
playing cartoons.
Look.
Here you go.
What are we looking at?
[sighs] And then there was peace.
[laughs]
Let's see how this one goes down.
What's that?
It's apples and strawberries.
Ohh.
You're being a little pickle.
You're being a picky eater.
You gotta eat your vegetables too, bubs.
You can't just have fruit.
Vegetables.
Vegetables.
[Mennella] When I started my own research,
I wanted to look at how do we learn about
foods during pregnancy and breast-feeding,
long before our first taste of solid food?
We had done some short-term studies.
We knew that the flavors
of the mother's diet could transmit
and flavor mother's milk,
as well as amniotic fluid.
Then the question was:
how do these experiences impact
the acceptance of a food by the infant?
So we have 46 pregnant women
who planned on breast-feeding,
and we randomized them
to one of three groups.
One group drank carrot juice for several
weeks during the last part of pregnancy,
but not during breastfeeding.
Another group avoided carrots
during pregnancy,
but drank the carrot juice during
the first two months of lactation,
and then there was a control group
that drank water during both.
Come on in.
Here's our home away from home today.
And we've got a bib.
When the babies reached the time
of weaning,
we brought them into the lab
on two separate days
to use
the baby as their own control.
On one day, we tested
the babies' acceptance of plain cereal.
On the other day,
a carrot flavored cereal.
Today, we're gonna be
videotaping you feeding your baby.
I'm gonna give you cereal
and a spoon to feed your baby with.
Okay.
Just feed him as you normally would.
If he's hungry, let's start now.
Okay, let me get out.
I recorded all the responses
the baby made to each spoonful.
There she goes.
So focus on her eyes... and her lip.
See the inner brow raise?
If something tastes bitter,
the baby's face doesn't lie.
Whether the baby's eyebrow moves,
whether their upper lip raises,
whether they make a grimace
or wrinkle their nose.
All of these are
facial expressions of distaste.
The feeding would end
when they would reject the spoon
on three consecutive occasions.
-[Mennella] You can stop now.
-Okay.
[Mennella]
On a scale of 1 to 9,
how would you rate
how much she enjoyed the cereal?
I think she enjoyed it
about a 6 or a 7.
I would say a nine.
With your little orange hands.
[woman laughs]
[Mennella] Any cereal that would get
on the bib or on the high chair,
we would put back in the bowl.
By weighing the bowl before and after,
we know how much the baby ingested.
Then later on... individuals who aren't
aware of the goal of the study
would blindly code each of the videotapes.
Not only the frequency, but how long
they made those facial responses.
I can still feel the thrill
when I got the results.
It just made sense.
The babies who received the carrot flavor
in amniotic fluid or mother's milk
made less negative faces to the carrot
when compared to the plain cereal,
so the child liked the carrot cereal more.
This was the first evidence ever
that prior experience impact
their acceptance of a food.
I think the findings make me
in awe of the mother and child
and that relationship, and that
interaction that the two of them have,
in ways that we're only starting
to discover.
Today, our research doesn't just
focus on breastfed infants.
Formula-fed infants learn
from the flavors of the diet
of the mother transmitted
in the amniotic fluid.
And they will increase in acceptance.
Other people around the world have thought
of the babies as coming into this world
almost like a blank slate that didn't have
prior experiences with taste or smell.
Our research has shown
that the mother is not...
just providing a source of nutrition.
Each baby is coming
into the world with a unique sense
of past experiences of taste.
I think one of my biggest
take-home messages is
eat the healthy food you enjoy.
I mean, that's the key.
Food is much more than a source
of nutrients or a source of calories.
It gives us pleasure.
Through the senses of taste and smell,
she's teaching the baby
what foods are safe, what foods
I'm eating, and what foods I enjoy.
Once the baby starts eating solid food,
they learn from repeated exposure.
Eight to ten tastes of a food,
it's repeated exposure
building on the familiar.
[Mateo's mom]
Wanna see if avocado's ready?
Tomato for Mateo.
[Mateo babbling]
Okay, okay, okay.
Alright, so we got tomato for you.
Ready for some avocado?
You like avocado.
I love avocado.
You want another grape?
Mateo, you want another grape?
Yeah? [chuckles]
[banging]
[Mennella] I think the first two years
of life are particularly open to learning
about flavors and foods.
[Mateo's mom] Did you like the tuna fish?
Yeah? You want more?
[Mennella] It's a lot easier and faster
to teach the baby about healthy foods
than it is the older child.
It's an elegant biology
learned from our senses.
[Morning-Star]
Mmm... Nelson loves strawberries.
-Could we have also this one please?
-[salesclerk] Yeah, sure.
[Morning-Star] He's really fascinated
by the crab. It's rough, isn't it?
It's not soft like Nelson.
Nelson's soft. Crab is not soft.
[Nelson's dad]
You smell those sausages?
[Morning-Star] Is that an artichoke?
You've never seen one of these, have you?
How does it feel like?
How does it smell like?
No. [laughs]
[Maitre] Neurobiologists tend to think
of the development
of the brain a little bit like
a large wave crashing onto the shore.
The enormous wave
actually began as a tiny ripple.
And so the senses are tiny ripples...
upon which everything else
in the brain builds.
There's no such thing
as touching your baby too much,
as holding them too much.
There's no such thing as talking
to them too much.
[Singh]
Sometime within the first year of life,
the brain becomes capable
of combining inputs from sight,
touch, hearing, taste, and smell.
The sensory systems
don't just sense the world,
but they allow us
to make sense of the world.
[Caz] Okay... awww.
[Mennella] An appreciation
of how these senses develop
is really a reflection
of brain development.
We take that knowledge
and hopefully do
the best science that we can do
to advance the health and care of infants.
I mean, that's the ultimate goal.
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