30x08 - Glass Sculptures; Racing Pulley Systems; Inductors; Medicine ba*ls

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Narrator: the use of glass
as an artistic medium

Dates back to ancient egypt.

Despite the obvious fragility
of glass sculptures,

This art form
has an enduring appeal.

The transparency of glass
often has a ghost-like quality.

They're tangible works of art
that are skillfully crafted.

With this glass sculpture
of a horse,

The artist's two passions
come together --

Art and horsemanship.

The artist takes inspiration
from her horse,

Observing the swell
of his muscles as he romps

In order to create the same
sense of movement in glass.

She then draws a series
of sketches of the horse

In different stances.

These sketches are
an artistic study.

They help her work out
the sculpture's form

Before actually creating one.

She cleans solid glass rods
to prepare them for sculpting.

This is borosilicate glass,
which is more resistant

To thermal shock
than other kinds of glass.

She brings the glass into the
flame of a torch to soften it.

Once softened, she can fuse
two of the rods together.

Then using tweezers and flat,
knife-like tools,

She sculpts the glass

Into the shape
of the horse's hips and legs.

She works quickly so the glass
doesn't have a chance

To cool and fracture.

She adds a smaller piece of
glass and forms it into a tail.

She constantly turns the glass
as she works it to make sure

It looks good from all angles.

She melts glass in front of
the hips to build up the body

And shape the horse's belly,
back, and chest.

This is intensive
and precision work.

The piece must be exposed
to a well-adjusted flame

And constantly moved

So it doesn't become too hot
and melt too much.

She adds glass to the front
and sculpts the shoulders

And part of the front legs.

She removes a little piece
of extra glass.

She deposits the sizzling,
unwanted bit in water

To cool it down
and dispose of it safely.

She does more work
on the front legs.

She'll refine them and form
hooves later,

But now she bakes the partially
sculpted glass horse in a kiln.

This is the first annealing,

Which realigns molecules
to prevent cracking.

She forms the head and mane
separately from the body.

This is more intricate work.

The features are
much more detailed,

So she uses smaller tools.

Once she shapes the eye sockets,

She melts little blobs
of black glass into them.

She sculpts the eyes
with a flat knife.

She carves creases above them
to create an eyelid effect.

She adds glass for the ears.

Then, using a tool called
a masher,

She pinches the ears
to squeeze them thinner.

She heats them again.

This process can cause the ears
to stick together,

So she cuts them
to separate them.

She curls the ears
using tweezers

And tweaks their position
on the horse's head.

She melts the base
of the head to the body,

And they become one.

She fuses more glass to the back
to craft a mane,

And after another annealing,
she returns to the legs.

She softens them with
a flame again

And adds definition
to the fetlock joints.

She cuts the tips to create
a more level surface.

She melts black glass
on to the ends of the legs

And sculpts it into
the shapes of hooves.

With a series of tools,
she tweaks each hoof

Until she's satisfied
this glass horse

Will stand
the way she wants it to.

After another annealing,
she shines a polarized light

Through the sculpture
and examines it for stresses

That could compromise
its structure.

Finding none, this galloping
work of glass art is complete.

It's been made with great care
and caring.

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Narrator: to turn a regular car
into a race car,

One needs to change the pulley
system mounted to its engine.

Factory-installed pulley systems
are heavy,

And their pulley-size ratios

Are designed for driving
at low speeds.

A racing pulley system
is lightweight

And has pulley ratios
for high-speed driving.

Replacing the factory-installed
pulley system on a car engine

With one of these
racing pulley systems

Is like putting
a car on steroids.

The components of this system
are determined

By what the engine
already comes with.

For example,
if the engine's water pump

Is too heavy for racing,

This company makes
a lightweight one

Along with a size-appropriate
pulley to go with it.

To make a pulley,
an automatic saw

Cuts a patty off
an aluminum bar.

Workers then mount the patty
on a computer-guided lathe.

As the lathe spins,
multiple tools shape

The patty into a pulley.

The first two tools drill
a hole in the center

And machine the overall shape.

Then, this tool bores
the hole to a precise diameter.

This tool carves grooves

Along the perimeter
for the pulley belt.

This broaching tool makes


Inside the bored hole
corresponding to grooves

On a shaft, locking
the pulley in place.

A worker removes
the partially-formed pulley

From the lathe and mounts it on
a computer-guided mill.

The mill's first tool drills
six round holes.

The next tool reshapes
those holes into triangles

Known as windows.

This reduces
the pulley's weight.

The factory sends all pulleys
out to a plating shop

Which coats the aluminum
with the hard,

Black protective finish
known as anodizing.

This is a different type
of crankshaft pulley.

To make it, the automated saw
first cuts a patty

From a smaller aluminum bar.

Then, a worker mounts it
on a computer-guided lathe.

After the first tool
evens out the surface,

This tool drills a hole
through the center.

The next tool enlarges
that hole.

The next tool cuts a female
pattern inside the hole.

A female pattern has grooves
which receive

Corresponding protruding areas
of a male pattern.

The lathe then transfers
the patty to another spindle

To expose the opposite side
for machining.

The first tool shapes the back.

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The next one cuts
a male pattern.

With a female pattern on
one side and a male pattern

On the other, multiple pulleys
can be stacked and interlocked

To accurately align the system.

The final tool cuts straight
teeth for a square-tooth belt.

When an original engine
component is replaced

With a new, smaller, and lighter
one suitable for racing,

The factory must also make
a smaller, lighter bracket

To mount the new component
to the engine.

A computer-guided mill shapes
a rectangular piece of aluminum

Cut by the same automated saw

That cut the patties
for the pulleys.

Brackets, like pulleys,
go out for anodizing.

When they come back
to this factory,

They get laser-printed
with a brand name and model.

Here's how the pulley system

Assembles on this
particular engine.

First, the technician bolts
an adapter

To the harmonic balancer.

The harmonic balancer
is a component

On all engines
that lessens vibration.

Next, he installs
the new crankshaft pulley

On to the adapter, attaching it
with a long central bolt

That extends beyond
the harmonic balancer

And into the engine's
crankshaft.

He installs a new lightweight
water pump,

Which has a new mounting bracket
for the alternator

Attached to its left side.

Then, he bolts on a new
water-pump pulley,

Which has grooves for two belts.

After mounting a new
lightweight alternator,

He connects the water-pump
pulley to the crankshaft

And power steering pump pulleys
with one belt

And to the alternator pulley
with another belt.

This allows simultaneous
steering, battery charging,

And water circulating
to cool the engine.

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Narrator: coiled copper devices
called inductors

Provide storage
for electrical circuits.

As electrical current
flows through the coils,

A magnetic field is produced.

The inductor stores
the electromagnetic energy

Until the circuit
is ready for it.

They're one of the most
important parts in the circuit.

Inductors come in many
shapes and sizes.

Conductive windings surround
an iron-based core

To provide
temporary energy storage

And to regulate the current
flowing through a circuit.

To make an inductor,
manufactures use

Plenty of flame-resistant
insulating material.

They cut sheets of it
to the desired dimensions.

An operator programs this
an automatic shear

To cut the electrical
insulation into long strips.

The hydraulically driven blade
makes clean, straight cuts.

These strips will be used
to insulate the inductor core

And coils.

A worker folds a rectangular
piece of insulation

Around an aluminum form
to start the inductor coil.

She tapes the ends together.

She pulls a strip of copper foil
to the insulation.

She's pre-soldered a terminal
to the end of the foil,